TUGAS 8

ENGLISH EDUCATION FOR CHILDREN EARLYAde Irma KhairaniMedan State PolytechnicABSTRACTThis paper discusses the English education for early childhood( English for Young Learners ) . Person's ability to useEnglish is needed along with the progress of a country .Therefore education of English as an international language beganintroduced as early as possible to students in Indonesia today .English education would be ideal if started at an early age , especiallybefore they hit the age of 12 years . Early childhood is the child inage range 2-7 years . At that age range is the golden perioddevelopment of a child's language ability . They are able to learn languageanything like native speakers and this period should be used sebaikbaiknya .However , the children at an early age is still in the conditionpreoperational cognitive development which have a high self-centered ,do not understand abstract things , just to understand the symbols and stillpre - logical thinking . Therefore , EYL requires methods and processesappropriate and effective teaching . There are several methods and techniques appropriatefor teaching English to young children , among others, in the context ofwhich includes communicative context of social, cultural , games , songsand music , storytelling , art experiences , craftshand and prioritize physical movement . And among the methods and techniqueshence the approach to singing songs and movement is a method thatvery appropriate and successful in English education for early childhood .Key words : English, early childhood , children's cognitive development, languageearly age , English language education for early childhood .INTRODUCTIONThe era of globalization requires us to master the English language both orallyand writing . The demands made ​​of parents vying to entertheir children to international schools and national plus wheremedia language used is English . No matter will be the abilitylanguage psychology of children, age of children, education of educators and methodstaught , which is important if there is an international license and speak English then theparents will be satisfied and believe in education . As a result , many childrenthe frustration and stress . Instead instead of their mastery of the English languageget , instead become karbitan children who are forced to speak English . so thatsound pronunciation and sentence structure language they speak much wrongand eccentric . Actually , there needs to be consideration for the parents toenter their children in the English language of media education . age childrenan important consideration in learning English ( languageforeign ) . At what age should a child acquire language learningforeign ( English) ? And methods and how the teaching processsuitable and appropriate for young children ? This problem into consideration for the authordiscuss and describe it in the journal article .Foreign language education for children in the United States and Europe have already begunsince the fifties and became very popular in the sixties , butsomewhat decreased in the seventies . Education and English language learningbased on the idea that learning a foreign language or a second language would be betterwhen initiated early ( Hammerby , 1982: 265 ) . Many assumptions about the age andlanguage learning , among others, children learn language better thanadult learners , learning foreign languages ​​in schools should be started as early asperhaps , more easily attract the attention and interest of children than adultsas revealed by Ur (1996 : 296 ) . That assumption has not dikomfirmasi withalthough studies of learners seem to experience better children andit turns out there is evidence that older age is more effective child he learned the language ( Ur, 1996) .DISCUSSION1 . Language EnglishEnglish has become the international language used almost inall areas of global life . English has also become a world languagedominated era of communication to connect and transfer knowledge throughoutworld . This gives the assumption that mastery of English isa very important requirement for the modern society becausemastery of the English language makes it easy for someone to expandinteraction in the international world . As said by Fromkin , " English hasbeen called 'the lingua franca of the world ' " (1990 : 259 ) .The position of English in Indonesia is the first foreign language ( thefirst foreign language) . Such a position different from the second language . Mustafa( 2007) in this case stated that a second language is a language that is learnedchild after his mother tongue with the language characteristics used in the environmentsurrounding communities . While foreign language is a language other countries that do notgeneral use in social interactions . The position of English in IndonesiaThe result rarely use the English language in social interaction incommunities so English is a difficult language tostudied because English is a foreign language that is not used everydayin public life in Indonesia .In fact , mastery of the English language is a very important skillin the era of information and communication today . This will determine how wecan interact globally . The issue of globalization is demanding of human resourcesqualified and able to communicate in foreign languages ​​, especiallyEnglish as an international language . This foreign language skills requiredto master science , has wide connections and a good career . caseThis makes all the people from all walks of life are motivated to master the languageEngland .The tendency of people to master foreign languages ​​, makingthey race each other to enter their children to learn the languageEnglish as one of the skills developed . It is based on the assumptionthat children learn foreign languages ​​faster than adults ( Santrock ,2007:313 ) . A study conducted Johnson and Newport , 1991 ( Santrock ,2007:313 ) shows that the Chinese and Korean immigrant who began living inAmerica at the age of 3 to 7 years of English skills better thanin older children or adults .Another study states usefulness master a foreign language moreearly , otherwise Mustafa (2007 ) , that the child has mastered a foreign languageadvantages in terms of flexible intellectual , academic skills , language andsocial . In addition, children will have the readiness to enter into a context of sociallywith different languages ​​and cultures . So that when the adult child will behuman resources and quality can be accomplished . Mustafa (2007 )adding that the child's understanding and appreciation of the language and cultureitself will also be developed if a child learn a foreign language from an early age .The reason is because they will have greater access to language andforeign culture .However , the teaching of English in Indonesia is different from teachingEnglish as a second language in countries where English is the mediumcommunication . In Indonesia , the position of English is the first foreign languageshall be taught in middle and high schools while in elementary school is one lessonlocal content that is actually not ( or ) is not a compulsory subject .Although at this time the English language has been tested into a foreign language aslesson or later as " medium " in bilingual education ( Chamot ,1987) . In fact , currently being tested bilingual learning programs formath and science lesson in Primary 4 and 5 ( 42 SD at 30provinces ) .Actually , the purpose of teaching English covers all competencieslanguage , namely listening ( listening ) , speaking ( speaking ) , reading ( reading ) , andwriting (writing ) . English is also very different from the first language children( Indonesian , Javanese , Sundanese , and other regional languages ​​in Indonesia ) .Linguistic differences is important to understand that learning can beaccounted for the truth . These differences include: speech , spelling ,language structure , stress and intonation , vocabulary , and the value of foreign language culture . languageEnglish language is also known as a careful time ( tenses ) , carefully figure( singular - plural ) , and careful person ( feminine and masculine ) .2 . Language Cognitive Development in Early ChildhoodChild language development actually began a child born withusing language or prabicara simplest is " crying " , thendevelopments in the form of " babble / chatter " , the word / phrase with simple movementsbody / requirements as a complement to speak . In the absence of recognized educational psychology theorieslearning that can be used as the foundation of teaching . The learning modelis a well-known approach to the development of intellectual / cognitivecoined by Jean Piaget ( 1896-1980 ) . In the model Piaget ( Dahar , 1988) , eachindividuals experiencing levels of intellectual development as follows :1 . Sensorimotor stage ( age 0-2 years ) . At this stage the child begins to learn andability to control their environment through the five senses and movements.The behavior of the baby at this stage based solely on stimulusreceipt . Around the age of 8 months , infants have knowledge of object permanencethat although objects invisible at some point before his eyes , does not meanThe object does not exist . Before the age of 8 months old baby is generally considered objectsthey see no means no . At this stage , the baby has his worldbased on his observations on the basis of movement / activity performed The peoplearound him .2 . Preoperational stage ( age 2-7 years ) . Child trying to master symbols(words ) and is able to express his experience , though notlogical ( pre - logical ) . At this time the child is self-centered , which is seeing something ofthemselves ( perception centration ) , by seeing something of a hallmark , whileother characteristics are ignored . At this stage the child is able to think beforeact , although the capacity to think has not reached the levelability to think logically . Period of 2-7 years , a child's life is also characterized byegocentric attitude , where they think subjectively and not being able to seeobjectivity of the views of others , so that they difficult to accept the viewothers. Another feature of the development of the child is on stage cognitionpreoperational is the inability to distinguish that the two objects are the samehas period , the amount or volume remained despite changing its shape .Because not think abstractly , then the children in this age is easier to learn ifteacher involves the use of concrete objects rather than using onlywith words .3 . Concrete operational stage ( ages 7-11 years ) . At this stage the child understandsthinking that is concrete and not abstract . In general , at this stagechildren already have the ability to understand the concept of conservation ( concept ofConservancy ) , which although an object to change its shape , but the future , the number ofor volume is fixed . Children have also been able to observe ,assess and evaluate so that they are not as egocentric earlier .Child's ability to think at this stage is still in the form of concrete , theyhave not been able to think abstractly , so they are also only able tosolve the problems that are concrete lessons . learning activitiesinvolving students in hands-on experience is very effective comparedteacher's explanation in the form of verbal (words ) .4 . The formal operational stage ( age 11-15 years and above ) . At this stage the childcapable of abstract thinking . At this stage , the ability of students already onstage of abstract thinking . They are able to put forward a hypothesis , computeconsequences that may occur and to test the hypothesis that they make . iffaced with a problem , students at this stage of the development of formalable to formulate all possible operational and determinepossibilities which are most likely to occur based on the ability ofanalytical and logical thinking .According to Piaget , children at the age of 2-7 years is in the preoperational stagestage , the stage that has the main feature development usingsymbol / sign language and intuitive concept . This stage is divided into two stages , namelyThe first stage of pre- conceptual stage ( 2-4 years ) , where the representation of an objectexpressed with language , image and fantasy games . Secondly , intuitive phase ( 4-7years ) . At this stage the representation of an object based on the perception of the experienceitself , not the reasoning . The term " operation " is a process of thinkinglogical , and a sensorimotor activity . In this stage the child is very egocentric ,they are difficult to accept the opinions of others . Children believe that what theythinking and naturally also the thoughts and experiences of others . they believethat inanimate objects have animate nature .Characteristics of the child at this stage is as follows :a) Children can associate experience in the environment play withpersonal experience , and therefore it becomes selfish . Children are not willing ifher possessions held by others .b ) Children do not have the ability to solve problemsrequires thinking " that can be reversed ( reversible ) . " Their minds are stillis irreversible .c ) Children are not able to look at two aspects of an object or situation at once , andyet capable of reasoning (reasoning ) individually and deductive .d ) Children are transduktif reasoning ( from special to special ) . Children also have not been able todistinguish between fact and fantasy . Sometimes kids like to lie . thishappens because children are not able to separate the truth withtheir imagination .e ) Children have no concept of eternity ( quantity , material , wide , heavy and contents ) .f ) By the end of this stage , children are able to give a reason as to whatthey trust . Children can classify objects into groupsonly one specific properties and have begun to understand the concept of the concrete .So , if young children learn English they are underpraoperational stage and therefore they require a lot of illustrations , models ,images , and other activities . Apparently less Piaget believed that the use ofactual hands-on learning as important in the development ofnatural science , logic , and mathematics ( Wood , 2001) . Currently, many researchand that proves quite conclusively that the actual benefits of learningverbal , social interaction , and culture can improve learning optimally .This is evident in the theory of Zone of Proximal Development ( ZPD ) developedby Vygotsky (1978 ; 1986) . Is the ZPD ?" ZPD is the distance between the actual development level as determined byindependent problem solving and the level of potential development asdetermined through problem solving under adult guidance or in collabolationwith more capable peers "When a child can not understand something , then according to Piaget 's childnot ready mentally . For Vygotsky , the lesson outside the development areaknowledge . In this case , the lesson has a social value , forEnglish language learning social interaction can be realized in the form of taskpairs or groups .Further Ur (1996 ) , says there are three sources of concern for the childrenclass , namely drawing , fairy tales and games . Children love to see the pictureparticularly interesting , clear and colorless . Similarly, children love to hearfairy tale / story , then like playing a fun activityfor children , or often referred to as a time-out recreational activities .In essence, by Curtain and Pesola (1994 ) the children will learnforeign language well if procedural learning occurs in the context of the communicativeand meaningful to them . For children this context includes the social situation ,cultural , games , songs , stories, and art experiences ,crafts , and sports .Two important theories about the development of this psychology , the theory of Piagetand Vygotsky can provide important information how we think about childrenas students / learners of foreign languages ​​, especially languages ​​. According to Piaget , the child isactive learners and thinkers . They always do a continuous interactionthe world environment and solve the problems they facethe environment , so the learning process is actively occurring . It is producedby the children themselves , instead of imitating others and the results obtained from birth .Donaldson (1998 ) emphasized the implications of Piaget's opinion that the child is always tryingactively seek to understand the world , asking questions and want to know . alsosince small children always have masksud and objectives ; he wants to ask ordo something .Opinions Vygotsky (1962 ) is different from the language and Piaget The peopleAnother child in the world . He argues that children are part of the social .Center of the child 's development and learning occurs in a social context that the world is fullwith others , dealing with children from birth . People areplays an important role in helping children learn ( playing , reading stories ,talking , showing objects , ideas ) . Here is a mediator adultsworld for children . The ability to learn through instruction and media arecharacteristics of human intelligence . With the help of an adult / child's teacher canwork and understand more than their own work . thismeans also learning to do things and learn to think both were rescued byinteraction with adults . Many of Vygotsky's ideas were used toformulating a framework of foreign language teaching for children .3 . Education English for Early ChildhoodMost sensitive to the language of the period in one's life is betweenaged two to seven years . All sorts of aspects of the language should beintroduced to children before the sensitive period ends . In this sensitive periodintroduced a very important way of speaking that is good and true , because this skillvery useful to communicate with its environment ( Maria Montessori , 1991) .Based on this theory , it is appropriate if English was introduced tochildren as early as possible . Considering English is the first foreign language inIndonesia, the learning process should be gradual . electionmaterials appropriate to the age of the child and also effective for cognitive developmentchildren's language and learning a fun situation to be a major concernthe success of a learning process . The success of the learning processEnglish language course in early childhood is influenced by many factors , among others,:1 . Teacher quality , teachers can turn the process of learningteaching .2 . Sources and adequate learning facilities and qualified ( adequate ) .3 . Curriculum is good , simple , and attractive ( attractive ) .On the other hand it should be understood that early age is the age to play . every childis a unique personal and world events play a serious butexciting for them . So the right approach needs to be created by aeducators that learning English more interesting and funwithout leaving the rules of correct language .The approach used should be consistent with the purpose of language recognitionin general . The purpose is so that the child can understand how to speakgood and true , the courage to express an idea or opinion and maycommunicate with its environment . In many English language learningmethods and techniques that can be used , including through :a. Story Telling ( Storytelling )b . Role Play ( Role Playing )c . Art and Crafts ( Arts and Crafts )d . Games ( Games ) ,e . Show and Tell ,f . Music and Movement ( Movement and song ) which included- Singing ( Singing )- Chants and Rhymes ( Short Singing and rhymes ) , and so on .Methods and techniques to be used should be selected and adjustedwith the capability to be achieved . Professionalism an educator in thedevelop and utilize these methods and techniques is neededto the learning process can be run better . The method and process of teachingin the context of the communicative context situations include social, cultural , games ,singing and music , storytelling , art experiences , craftsand prioritize physical movement is a very appropriate method and effective ifused in the process of learning English , especially for young children .Furthermore , according to Matondang (2005 : 134 ) is a method of music and motionvery successful when used in the process of learning English , especiallyfor early childhood . By its nature music ( singing the song ) is an artcompose tones or sounds in sequence , combination , and in temporal relationshipsproduce a composition having unity and continuity ( containingrhythm ) . And variety of tone or rhythmic voice is also called the song . so musicor song is a unity that can not be separated and can beused as a tool in the learning process .While the movement ( motion ) which means movement , derived from the basic motion .And ' motion ' has a meaning , a transition point ( absence of activity ) were performedafter an impulse ( inner / feeling ) . Movement activity may arise after someonelisten to the song / chant .Using music and movement as a process approachEnglish language learning and presenting it in an interesting and funin a learning process , can help children to be morehappy and active learning and enable children to understand the teaching materials .Because the learning activities children are invited to perform anddemonstrate an appropriate motion with the meaning of the song is sung .So the motion and the song is a very enjoyable activity for childrenand can also be used as a motivator in the process of learning Englishin early childhood .Music and movement plays an important role in the process of growingand growth of a child . Singing songs to enrich the spiritual life andprovide a balance of life for children . Through music , people canexpress his thoughts and feelings and can control aspects ofemotional . The singing is a part of the music . Chant serves as atool to devote to communicate thoughts and feelings . In essencesinging for children are as :1 . Languages ​​of Emotion , in which the children can mengukapkan singing his feelings ,sense of fun, funny , awe , emotion.2 . Language tone , because singing can be heard , can be sung , andcommunicated .3 . Languages ​​motion , motion in singing reflected on bars ( motion / beatsregularly ) , the rhythm ( movement / long beats short , irregular ) , and the melody( high- low motion ) .Thus singing is an activity that is highly favored bythe children . In general, more children will sing to function as a play activityof the learning activity or delivery of messages . Singing can providesatisfaction , joy, and happiness to children so as to encourage the childto study harder ( Joyful Learning ) . With the singing of a child will beQuickly learn , master , and practice a teaching materials are deliveredby educators . In addition to the child's ability to hear ( listening ) , singing( singing ) , creativity (creative ) can be trained through this activity .While the movement ( movement) is the body language . Children expressfeelings through movement activities after listening to the song. childhave an active relationship in response to singing . Through motion and ifhis body will be described what is perceived and understood by childrenis the music ( singing ) . Activities of the movement itself is neededfor young children to train and develop their gross motor skills . sosing for the children not only voiced the song , but at the same time bringingthe content and meaning of the singing , and singing with a motion like meragakan free movementor dance . For it would be nice if teachers could make good useMusic and Movement in the implementation of teaching and learning activities .The singing was good and suitable for children are among others :1 . Chant that can assist the growth and development of the child ( aspectsphysical , intelligence , emotional , social ) ;2 . Chant that had departed from their child's abilities ;a. content of the song according to the child's world ;b . the language used is simple ;c . tone area of ​​the tool 's ability epadan with voice and pronunciationchildren ; andd . theme song , among others ; refers to the curriculum used .For the singing ( song ) children in English many sources that we canuse as reference material in them from :1 . , The Complete Daily Curriculum for Early Childhood Book ( Pam Schiller and PatPhipps , 2002) ;2 . , The Complete Book of Rhymes , Songs , Poems , Fingerplays , and Chants ( JackieSilberg and Pam Schiller ) ;3 . The Giant Encyclopedia of Circle Time and Group Activities for Children 3 to 6( Kathy Charner , 1996) ;4 . Where is Thumbkin ? ( Pam Schiller and Thomas Moore , 1993) ;5 . Creative ressources for the Early Childhood Classroom ( Judy Herr and IvonneLibby , 1995) , etc. .In addition to these books , can also be used a variety of CD / VCD aschant sources , for example :1 . Kidsongs 80 ( Together Again Video Productions , inc.KidsongsTM and KidsongsKid , 2001) ;2 . Sing and Learn , Children's Favourite Songs Series ( Worldstar Music Int'l Ltd. ,1998) ;3 . Miss Patty Cake ( Integrity Music Just For Kids , 1997) ;4 . The Donut Man 's ( Integrity Music Just For Kids , 1996) , etc.Although many sources of books and CDs / VCDs that can be used , butThe most important factor is the ability of a teacher in selecting ,using existing and developing singing this song in order topresented and well understood by children without forgetting the rules of languageEnglish is good and right .

BIBLIOGRAPHY
http://digilib.unimed.ac.id/public/UNIMED-Article-23390-ade%20irma%20khairani.pdf

TUGAS 7

METHOD FOR CHILDREN LEARNING ENGLISH EARLY AGEToday English has been accepted as a leading International language is perceived to be the most important means of communication to respond to the demands of Indonesian society progress of time . For this reason the English language has been widely introduced from an early age in schools both formal and non - formal . Various studies have shown that early childhood is the most sensitive age to learn the language . So on the basis that the teaching of English for children from kindergarten early childhood and elementary school already widely offered in many urban schools .Foreign language skills needed to master this science , has wide connections and a good career . This makes all the people from all walks of life are motivated to master the English language . The tendency of people to master foreign languages ​​, makes a variety of educational institutions vying with each other to make programs that include English as one of the skills developed .The problem is that the teaching of English for this kind of age group requires special handling that is different from teaching to other age groups . This is evident from the fact that not all teachers are able and successful teaching children . It may be because the child needed to teach the world the ability to dive into the world of children and their capabilities are still very imaginary .For instance in the school , if the student scores decreased in subjects , so often students and parents blame the teacher . Often ejected reasons that are not clear in explaining the teacher or the other .Critics of the teachers come from everywhere. Musman Hadiatmadja , 20 years ago , said that teachers teach more accurately described only carry traditional and conservative . Because traditional task by basing itself on tradition or what has been done by previous teachers without any effort to improve the creativity that is available to it . Conservatives have acted conservatively according to the old ways that are less or not in accordance with the changes and the progress of time . As a result, students are bombarded with a variety of knowledge at the will of the teacher or the curriculum because students are like empty bottles were not given the opportunity to think , to process or digest much less creative . They are passive and receptive alone ( Hadiatmadja , 1982:39 ) .Therefore , it needs a special program held in the English language follow teachers on how to - how to teach english nuntuk early age . This activity aims to provide knowledge for teachers to teach English in early childhood . Examples of the use and benefits of such songs to enhance the child's understanding of the meaning of the word . Through song , the child is introduced to the suprasegmental phonetics that will help your child through the stages of understanding into a perfect verbal output.Provide experiences to teachers to use English songs through simulated practice group .Provide an opportunity for participants to get feedback and input from resource improvements competent in applying the songs in English class .Learning English was originally a learning activity conducted indoors ( indoor learning ) . But now , learning English can be done anywhere and anytime using any media . In addition to the lessons learned in the classroom , students can learn English in places nonsekolah courses and other educational institutions . Examples of the use and benefits of such songs to enhance the child's understanding of the meaning of the word . Through song , the child is introduced to the suprasegmental phonetics that will help your child through the stages of understanding into a perfect verbal output . Provide experiences to teachers to use English songs through simulated practice group .Provide an opportunity for participants to get feedback and input from resource improvements competent in applying the songs in English class .In addition , the method of learning the English language can be done in a student house though . That is of course with the help of both parents are used to speaking English at home . By name - the name of the object by using the English language . Bias also by playing a video or simulation games for children .. And of course with the guidance of parents .In carrying out the method - the method above , must be accompanied attitude - an attitude that is in accordance with the age and habits of the children themselves . Appropriate attitude will determine the level of effectiveness of learning English pross for early childhood .Terms pleasant atmosphere is absolutely necessary that children love to learn . According to the results of research on how the brain works , part of the memory controller in the brain would be very easy to receive and record incoming information if it is in a pleasant atmosphere . Making Children love to learn is far more important than demanding children want to learn to become a champion or reaching certain achievements . Children who have obtained the achievement but will not be forced to endure. Children who may feel that learning is something fun to have a great curiosity , and greatly influence the success of learning in the future .In addition , learn how to identify the dominant type is the type of Auditory children ( child receptive to learning by listening ) , Visual ( seeing ) or Kinesthetic ( physical ) . Asking children continuously learn in a way that is incompatible with the type of child will learn how to make the child unable to optimally absorb the content of the lesson , so that the child does not develop to the maximum . Additionally give children lag time while studying . Learning to Pause a break every 20 minutes would be far more effective than learning straight 1 hour without a break . Results showed that children were able to perform the full concentration of at most 20 minutes . More than that the child will begin to decrease the power of concentration . Pause 1-2 minute rest period will restore the power of concentration back to normal children . Child basically has the instinct to learn everything around him .Children will be very enthusiastic and eager to learn if the content / material being studied children according to the child's development . Children will become easily bored if the study is too easy for him , and reverse the child will become stressed and discouraged if it is too difficult to learn .

bibliography
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